Review of blood substitutes and Future blood transfusion
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Hussain Habibi,1,* Seyede yasaman mousavizade,2 Fatemeh naeemi,3 Zahra porhonar,4 Seyed Javad Javady,5
1. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
5. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Introduction: The first experimental transition after the incident concerning Pope Innocent VIII, thereof blood flow English health practitioner William Harvey (1578-1657), whom he studied medication in Padua after which labored at St Bartholomew’s the London hospital became the primary to explain this in detail blood flowed via the systemic move of blood vessels in one direction, .
By 1907, doctors were mixing small amounts of blood before transfusing blood. If no clots were seen, the blood groups tested were thought to be compatible. This allowed doctors to save thousands of lives and lay the groundwork for modern blood transfusions. Up to this point, all blood transfusions occur at the right time and directly between two people. This is because the blood begins to clot almost immediately after contact with air due to the defense mechanism to prevent excessive bleeding after various injuries
. Why can we want blood substitutes?
Increasing public bad perceptions approximately blood safety coupled with the potential danger of transmitting diseases, consisting of hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus and, maximum, particularly in the UK, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, specifically, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 6 and, Perhaps, version Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD), have brought about blood shortages and fuelled the improvement of referred to as blood substitutes.
- Methods: We found roughly 40 publications in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and other databases and chose 12 to write our review article. We looked up terms like biotechnology in blood transfusion, artificial blood, and future blood transfusion. Our search constraint was limited to English. Geographical restriction not included. The period 2016-2020 was searched. Review and original articles were reviewed simultaneously.
- Results: The maintenance of coagulation factors, the absence of subsequent thrombocytopenia, and the reduction of injected anticoagulants are just a few of the benefits of WB (Whole Blood). The most important impact on transfusion medicine would be the use of recombinant albumin and F VIII, which are already in preclinical or clinical trials. In addition, this technique is also important for the cloning of viral antigens for the development of new or more sensitive tests for testing viral infections.Using corresponding DNA probes is One of the first and to date, most important areas for the use of is possible to monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis is the determination of leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets e.g. T- and B-cells.
The second approach to the development of blood substitutes involves the use of PFC liquids two compounds investigated most are perfluorodecalin, a bicyclic perfluorinated alkane, and bromo perfluoro-n-octane. As a transfusion alternative, phospholipid vesicles or liposomes encapsulating purified and concentrated human hemoglobin have been produced. They're free of blood-type antigens and infectious viruses, and they're stable and long-lasting. HBV's cellular structure protects cells from the negative effects of Hb molecules by preventing direct interaction of Hb with blood components and the endothelium lining. The cellular structure of HBV is critical for controlling interactions with endothelium-derived vasorelaxation factors, according to microcirculatory findings. The ability of HBV to transport oxygen is demonstrated in animal investigations of extensive hemodilution and resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. HBVs are finally trapped in the reticuloendothelial system and destroyed, according to biodistribution and metabolism studies.
- Conclusion: These artificial blood replacements offer the advantages of not requiring compatibility testing, being free of blood-borne pathogens, having a long shelf life, and not requiring refrigeration.
Newer possibilities of therapeutic application of blood substitutes in clinical practice are emerging, ranging from fetal hypoxia in preeclampsia, cerebral ischemia, and liver transplantation, to contrast agents or infection tracers, according to recent literature. Future research efforts in this area should focus on the fact that current blood substitutes lack the immunologic and coagulation qualities that are important to human blood.
Artificial blood is expected to have a significant impact on the future development of medical care, so efforts should be focused on developing adequate quantities of safe, effective, commercially viable alternatives with fewer drawbacks that will reduce reliance on donated blood and reduce mortality from transfusion-related complications. As a result, a new avenue in the field of transfusion medicine opens up a world of possibilities. It will be fascinating to see if a completely functional human Hb can be created and retrieved intact from plant systems in the future.
- Keywords: Blood transfusion,, blood substitutes,, perfluorodecarin,,
