Importance of Nanoparticles in Immunotherapy in Cancer
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Omid salmani,1,*
1. B.S of General Biology, Payamenoor University, Marand Branch, Iran
- Introduction: Cancer is a deadly disease that affects people all around the world. Traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have limited therapeutic efficacy and are linked with severe side effects and a high risk of recurrence. Immunotherapeutic drugs have recently shown encouraging outcomes in clinical cancer treatment, attracting the interest of doctors and cancer patients all around the world. Cancer immunotherapy has recently become the gold standard for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy not only heals primary tumors but also inhibits metastasis and recurrence, which is a significant benefit over traditional cancer treatments. Existing cancer immunotherapies, on the other hand, have limited therapeutic benefits because tumor antigens are frequently not properly transmitted to immune cells. Solid tumors also elude anti-cancer immunity, unlike lymphoma, by creating an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanoparticles made of biomaterials are one method for circumventing cancer immunotherapy's limits. This study aimed to investigate the importance of nanoparticles in immunotherapy in cancer.
- Methods: This study was conducted on the subject of the Nanoparticles in Immunotherapy in cancer to review abstract the importance and practice of modern therapies in biotechnology and by collecting content from Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, and PubMed sites.
- Results: The results demonstrated that nanoparticles based on biomaterials improved anti-cancer immunity. Nanoparticles can carry cancer antigens and adjuvants to APCs in lymph nodes, enhancing antigen presentation. Recently developed mRNA-based neo-antigens have the advantage of low immunogenicity while still being able to mount an effective T-cell response when translated into the cytoplasm. However, such agents are susceptible to degradation by ubiquitous nucleases in the blood and are difficult to deliver into APCs. The use of nanoparticles to deliver mRNA neo-antigens to immune cells is a promising method. Nanoparticles can also aid in the re-establishment of immune surveillance by delivering immunomodulatory drugs to the TME. Drugs could be delivered to tumor tissues with high efficiency using intelligent, stimulus-responsive nanoparticles that detect the TME. Previously, the majority of nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapeutics were administered systemically, making it difficult to avoid systemic toxicity due to large drug dosages. As a result, local cancer immunotherapy in combination with classic intentional oncology techniques holds potential for successful cancer immunotherapy since it can reduce systemic toxicity while increasing therapeutic efficacy by targeting immunotherapeutics to the solid tumor or immune system. Also, by pre-screening individuals who are particularly receptive to cancer immunotherapy, image-guided techniques could improve the success rate of cancer treatment. Artificial APCs (aAPCs) have recently been developed. as prospective cancer immunotherapy, technology aAPCs made from micro- or nanoparticles can operate like natural APCs, activating the adaptive immune system response to cancer.
- Conclusion: As a result, detailed research and understanding of the interactions between biomaterials and the immune system are required for the development of anti-cancer immunotherapy nanomaterials. The use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy has the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy while reducing unwanted side effects, making it a significant method and a new direction for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the development of nanoparticle-based cancer vaccines is predicted to become a mainstream therapeutic capable of extending cancer patients' lives and increasing their quality of life.
Recently developed approaches for using nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy have enormous potential for improving cancer treatment. Cancer immunotherapy based on nanoparticles is anticipated not only to overcome the limitations of existing immunotherapy but also to generate synergistic effects via cooperation between nanoparticles and immune cells.
- Keywords: Cancer immunotherapy, Tumor microenvironment (TME), Nanoparticle, Cancer antigens
