Evaluation of Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Stem Cells in the Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Advanced non-Cellular Lung Cancer
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Ali Ahmadi,1,* Mahsan Azimi Dizaj,2 Dariush D. Farhud,3
1. BSc. Student, Young and Elite Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University Sari Branch, Sari, Iran
2. MSc. Student, Student Research Committee, Islamic Azad University Sari Branch, Sari, Iran
3. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Introduction: Understanding the biology of cancer stem cells (progenitor cells, CSCs) is one of the biggest challenges in basic science and clinical oncology. Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide among men (23% of all cancer-related deaths) and women (22% of all cancer-related deaths). This common type of cancer has a variety of pathological features that are still considered a serious oncological problem worldwide. Therefore, the genetic basis of this cancer has received a lot of attention. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in the onset and progression of tumors. Spontaneous mutations accumulate in stem cells throughout a person's life, leading to the formation of CSCs. In the study, we studied non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Over the past decade, in-depth analyzes of the lung cancer genome and signaling pathways have defined NSCLCs as a group of distinct diseases with genetic and cellular heterogeneity. As a result, a substantial list of potential treatment goals was presented that drastically altered the clinical evaluation and treatment of patients. Many targeted therapies have been developed with convincing clinical evidence of the concept. However, therapeutic responses are usually short-lived.
- Methods: This is a secondary study, with a narrative approach in 2022 by searching for keywords such as Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Lung Neoplasms, Neoplastic Stem Cells, Epidermal Growth Factor, and Therapeutic Equivalency in Mesh and valid databases. Others, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and the Web of Science, conducted a search of 15 articles, of which 10 were included.
- Results: According to the studies obtained from the articles, the results show that lung cancer has the highest number of cancer deaths worldwide. More than 85% of these cases are currently classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a projected 5-year survival rate of 15.9%. Although histological features and expression remain the basis of clinical diagnosis of tumors, recent advances in NGS and other high-performance genomic profile platforms have allowed researchers to extensively study genetic mutations in lung tumors. Following the detection of KRAS and BRAF8, 9 mutations, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) receptor mutations were detected in patients with pulmonary ADC and were associated with a response to EGFR10-13 inhibitors. The study of somatic mutations in natural tissues and their role in tumor progression and aging offers new insights into cancer treatment. Direct studies of mutation loads, mutation signatures, clonal dynamics, and cellular phenotypes provide a bridge from epidemiological discoveries to mechanical insights into the early stages of cancer. The fluid biopsy may improve the eligibility of lung cancer patients for targeted therapies or immunotherapy by identifying appropriate tumor targets and biomarkers and better defining predictors of response to modern therapies.
- Conclusion: According to the results, further studies on the tumor microenvironment have discovered new possible ways to control this deadly disease, including immunotherapy.
- Keywords: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Lung Neoplasms, Neoplastic Stem Cells, Epidermal Growth Factor, Therapeutic
