Molecular immunology using nutrition and its association with cancer
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Fatemeh keivan,1,*
- Introduction: Nutrition is one of the most important ways to prevent diseases. By using nutrition, molecular immunology can be increased and also various diseases, especially cancer, can be prevented. The lymphoid system is widely localised in the gut and those cells are particularly sensitive to metabolites induced from nutrients and products induced from microbiota and they also modulate the activation and function of the cells. Approximately 70% of the cells in the immune system and over 90% of the Ig producing cells in human body are localised in the intestines. Nutrition and immunity are closely related. The immune system composed of the most energy-consuming cells in the body. Therefore, they are strongly affected by imbalance of the nutrients. Immune system cells use glucose, fats and amino acids as a source of energy. The homeostasis of innate and adoptive immune system cells is greatly influenced by the circulating fatty acids. Fatty acids are a source of energy for immune cells, and a structural component for phospholipids and membrane structure. Depending on their role in one-carbon metabolism and protein synthesis, methionine (egg, cheese, fish) is effective in the activities of immune system cells. Vitamins and minerals are key dietary components and also influence the function of the immune system cells. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, the present article examines the effects of vitamins and minerals that may affect the functions of immune system cells in patients receiving cancer treatment. Also Leptin is a hormone released from adipocytes. It has been shown that nutritional status, metabolism, the energy level in adipose tissue are very important for the relationship between immunoresponse and leptin. Epigenetic has been described as inherited mitotic and potentially reversible changes with DNA sequence and molecular modifications in chromatin structure and non-coding RNAs, microRNAs. According to a growing number of studies in the nutriepigenetic field, expressions of genes related with the development and functions of immune cells are regulated by vitamin B12, B1 and folates. A large majority of nutrients (fats, proteins, vitamin E, C) control expressions of specific microRNA (miRNA/miR). Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the expression of miR-21, miR-122a and miR-125b in mice and humans, and they regulate Th2 response in myeloid cells by the inhibition of IL-12. The inhibition of histone deacetilases (HDACs) is related with the anti-inflammatory function of butyrate. It was demonstrated that HDAC inhibition regulates the macrophage function and T-reg cell development. Vitamins such as biotin, niacin, pantotenic acid etc. Therefore, in this article, we examine molecular immunology through nutrition and cancer prevention.
- Methods: This article was conducted using library research method. We used reliable sources and related books and articles to collect information.
- Results: After investigations, we found that cellular stress may be of pathogenic, nutritional, oncogenic or physical origin. Cellular stress includes principal reflection, such as response to DNA damage, tumor suppressor genes and activation of aging.
- Conclusion: In contrast, the secondary response to cellular stress is the activation of immune system, and natural killer cells (NK) may indirectly activate the immune system. However, intrinsic responses can directly activate the immune system; and it was also demonstrated that some chemotherapies could not be effective without the presence of an immune system.
- Keywords: Immunology, Molecules, Nutrition, Cancer
