Review of properties of metal nanoparticles in antibiotic resistance
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Fatemeh Jalali,1,*
1. Department of Nanomedicine School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Introduction: Antibiotic resistance in microbes Due to the recent outbreak of microbial resistance, it is becoming increasingly important in public health care. The global is transferring toward the post-antibiotic era.Excessive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, both in preventive and curative health care, has exacerbated the situation because microbes that have never been exposed to antibiotics, due to the transfer of gene encoding, resist that drug [1]. Research is now focused on finding solutions to this problem by creating nano-antibiotics and increasing the performance of existing antibiotics [2].
- Methods: The keywords Nano-antibiotic, Metal nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity were searched in pubmed and google scholar databases between 2015 and 2022.
- Results: Metal nanoparticles interact with cellular components and biomacromolecules, including DNA and RNA, to alter cellular processes. In terms of antimicrobial activity, metal nanoparticles at nanomolar concentrations show excellent results in inhibiting bacterial strains [3]. Silver nanoparticles are the most common disinfectants. Silver is particularly good as an antibacterial agent because it crosses bacterial cell walls and can be absorbed by bacterial cells [4]. Nanoscale CuO reduction provides high levels and reactivity to interact with bacteria. CuO nanoparticles cause oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species, which are lethal to pathogens. The synergistic combination of antibiotics and CuO nanoparticles significantly reduces the biofilm in various ways. A drug like amoxiclav is lethal by inhibiting the cell wall biosynthesis of bacteria. When used in a synergistic combination, CuO nanoparticles may bind to beta-lactamase, rendering it ineffective for cleavage of the beta-lactam ring [5]. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO) have been tested in vitro against clinical isolates of MRSA and MSSA, but are more effective than copper or silver nanoparticles because they cause cell lysis by damaging lipids and proteins in the bacterial cell membrane, resulting in Leakage of cytosolic materials [4]. AuNPs are promising bactericidal agents due to their versatile optical and photothermal properties. Although not as well studied as the antibacterial mechanism of AgNPs, the antibacterial activity of AuNPs is believed. AuNPs inhibit cellular metabolism by altering membrane potential and inhibiting ATPase activity, and by binding to the ribosome subunit to inhibit tRNA binding, leading to disruption of biological processes [6].
- Conclusion: According to previous studies, antibacterial activity in nanomaterials is due to the observed biophysical interactions between nanoparticles and bacteria, including cell adsorption and accumulation of nanoparticles, which leads to membrane damage. In particular, metal nanomaterials (such as silver, copper, zinc, and gold) exhibit desirable physicochemical properties that lead to significant levels of antibacterial activity. This study focuses on recent advances in metallic nanomaterials of silver, copper, zinc and gold as antibacterial agents with a focus on antibacterial activity [6]. Currently, the field of nano-antibiotics is hardly in its infancy compared to targeted nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and there is very little information about the clinical applications, toxicity, and antibacterial mechanisms of nano-antibiotics [7].
- Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Nano-antibiotic, Metal nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity
